FULL LIST OF Publications
(a). FULL LIST OF
PUBLICATIONS
o
Zahir, H.,
Alhooshani K.R. and
Chowdhury S. 2018.
Host-Guest Extraction of Toxic Heavy Metal Ions with
p-t-butylcalix[8]arene from Ammonia or amine Solutions.
KFUPM Ref no.: 2018-083
(In process:
Filed for US
Non-Provisional)
o
Aziz MA, Chowdhury S, Mazumder MAJ and
Chowdhury I., 2019.
Preparation of highly porous carboxylated
activated carbon from jute stick. (In process)
(II). RESEARCH/REVIEW PAPERS
1.
Chowdhury IR, Chowdhury, S.
and Al-Suwaiyan MS.,
2019.
Human exposure and risk of trihalomethanes during continuous showering events.
Science of the Total Environment (Accepted for publication)
2.
Chowdhury, S.,
Mazumder MAJ, Alhooshani, K. and Al-Suwaiyan MS., 2019.
Reduction of DBPs in synthetic water by indoor
techniques and its implications on exposure and health risk. Science of the Total Environment
691, 621-630
3.
Chowdhury, S., Chowdhury, IR, Kabir, F., Mazumder MAJ, Zahir, MH
and Alhooshani, K., 2019.
Alginate-based biotechnology: A review on the arsenic removal technologies
and future possibilities. Journal of Water Supply: Research and
Technology – AQUA 68 (6): 369-389
4.
Aziz MA, Chowdhury IR, Mazumder MAJ and
Chowdhury S.
2019.
Highly porous carboxylated
activated carbon from jute stick for removal of Pb2+ from aqueous
solution. Environmental Science and Pollution
Research, 26:22656–22669
5.
Chowdhury S. 2019. Disinfection
byproducts in desalinated and blend water: Formation and control strategy.
J. Water &
Health 17 (1): 1-25
6.
Chowdhury S., Omar KMO and
Papadopoulou M.P. 2019. Meat and egg production in Saudi Arabia: An analysis on
virtual water content for livestock farming.
Int. J. Water Res. and Arid Environ.,
9(1):xxx-xxx
7.
Chowdhury S,
Kabir F., Chowdhury IR,
Papadopoulou MP, 2018.
Importing and Exporting Agricultural Crop Products: An
Assessment of Virtual Water Flow (VWF) in Saudi Arabia.
Arabian J. Sci. Eng. (AJSE)
44:4911–4920
8.
M Zahir,
S Chowdhury, M Abdul Aziz, MM Rahman
2018. Host–Guest Extraction of Heavy Metal Ions with pt-Butylcalix [8] arene
from Ammonia or Amine Solutions.
International journal of Analytical Chemistry 2018
9.
Chowdhury, S., 2018.
Human health risk from exposure to metals through fish
and shellfish ingestion in Saudi Arabia.
Hum. Ecol. risk Assess. (HERA);
DOI:
10.1080/10807039.2018.1522500
10.
Chowdhury, S.
Water quality degradation in the sources of drinking
water: an assessment based on 18 years of data from 441 water supply systems,
Environ Monit. Assess
190: 379.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6772-6
11.
Zahir, H, Iwamoto, Y., Rahman, MM, Aziz MA,
Chowdhury, S. Ahmad, SHA and
Qamaruddin, M., 2018.
CaO-containing LaCO3OH nanogears and their luminescence and de-NOx
properties.
J Am Ceram Soc. 2018; 1–15..
DOI: 10.1111/jace.15861.
12.
Chowdhury S*, Kabir F., Mazumder
M.A.J. and Zahir M.H., 2018.
Modeling Lead
Concentration in Drinking Water of Residential Plumbing Pipes and Hot Water
Tanks. Science of the total Environment
635: 35-44
13.
Kabir F.,
Chowdhury S.,
Mazumder M.A.J., Zahir M.H. and Alhooshani K.,
2018.
Effects of Plumbing Premise on the Occurrences and Variability of Heavy
Metals in Desalinated and Blended Tap Water.
Desalination and Water Treatment 107: 257-271
14.
Chowdhury S. and Fahmi, M., 2018.
Fuzzy rule-based assessment of runoff for Abha, Saudi
Arabia Using the watershed modeling system (WMS) software.
Arabian Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE),
(DOI: 10.1007/s13369-018-3177-3)
15.
Tarawneh QY and
Chowdhury S., 2018.
Trends of Climate Change in Saudi Arabia: Implications
on Water Resources. Climate 6, 8: 1-19;
doi:10.3390/cli6010008
16.
Chowdhury S., 2018.
Occurrences and changes of disinfection byproducts in
small water supply systems. Environ Monit
Assess (2018) 190:32;
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6410-8
17.
Chowdhury S.,
Chowdhury I. and Hasan Z., 2018. Trihalomethanes in desalinated water: Human
exposure and risk analysis.
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment (HERA): 24(1): 26-48
18.
Kabir F. and
Chowdhury S., 2017.
Arsenic removal methods for drinking water in the developing countries:
technological developments and research needs.
Environ Sci
Pollut
Res: 24:24102–24120
19.
Chowdhury S.,
Omar KMO and Papadopoulou M.P. 2017.
Virtual Water Content for
Meat and Egg Production through Livestock Farming in Saudi Arabia.
Applied Water Science
7(8): 4691-4703
20.
MH Zahir, T Nagano,
MM Rahman, K Alhooshani,
S
Chowdhury,
MA Aziz, 2017. Microstructural investigations of tubular α-Al 2 O 3-supported
γ-Al 2 O 3 membranes and their hydrothermal improvement.
Journal of the European Ceramic Society
37(7), 2637-2647
21.
Nedal T. Ratrout,
Shakhawat Chowdhury,
Uneb Gazder, Syed Masiur Rahman, 2017. Characterization of crash-prone drivers
in Saudi Arabia – A multivariate analysis. Case
Studies on Transport Policy 5: 134-142.
22.
Chowdhury S.,
Mazumder MAJ, Al-Attas O and Husain T. 2016.
Heavy metals in drinking
water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries.
Sci. of the Total Environment
569–570: 476–488
23.
Chowdhury, S.
2016. DBPs in a chlorinated indoor swimming pool: Occurrences and modeling
J. of Water Supply: Research and Technology
– AQUA
65(7): 550-563
24.
Chowdhury S.,
Mazumder M.A.J. and Husain T., 2016. Predicting bromide incorporation in a
chlorinated indoor swimming pool.
Environmental Sci. and Pollution Research 23:12174–12184
25.
Abbas A. and Chowdhury, S.
2016. Effects of Temperature and Growing Seasons on Crop Water Requirement:
Implications on Water Savings. J. Appl. Sci.
Environ. Management 20(2): 424-433
26.
Chowdhury, S.
Al-Zahrani, M. and Abbas, A., 2016. Implications of Climate Change on Crop Water
Requirements in Arid Region: An Example of Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia.
J. King Saud Univ.–Eng. Sci.
28: 21-31
27.
Al-Zahrani M.,
Ammar Musa and Chowdhury S.,
2016. Multi-objective optimization model for water resources management: A case
study for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environ Develop
Sust 18: 777-798
28.
Chowdhury S.,
2015. Predicting Human Exposure and Risk from Chlorinated Indoor Swimming Pool:
A Case Study.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (In press); 187(8): 502; DOI:
10.1007/s10661-015-4719-8
29.
Chowdhury S.,
2016. Effects of plumbing systems on human exposure to disinfection byproducts
in water: A case study.
Journal of Water and Health
14(3): 489-503
30.
Al-Zahrani M.,
Chowdhury S.
and Abo-Monasar A., 2015. Augmentation of Surface Water Sources from Spatially
Distributed Rainfall in Saudi Arabia, J. Water
Reuse and Desalination 5(3): 391-406
31.
Chowdhury S.
and Al-Zahrani M, 2015. Characterizing water resources and the trends of sector
wise water consumptions in Saudi Arabia. J.
King Saud Univ. – Eng. Sci. 27: 68-82
32.
Chowdhury, S.,
Alhooshani, K., and Karanfil, T., 2014. Disinfection Byproducts in Swimming
Pool: Occurrences, Implications and Future Needs,
Water Research 53: 68-109
33.
Chowdhury S.,
2014. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in food and beverages: A comparison in
context to drinking water.
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 20: 1291-1312)
34.
Chowdhury, S.,
2014. On exposure analysis for volatile N-Nitrosamines.
Risk Analysis 34(5): 791-793
35.
Chowdhury
S.
and Zahrani M., 2014. Water quality change in dam reservoir and shallow aquifer: Analysis on
trend, seasonal variability and data reduction.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
186:
6127-6143
36.
Chowdhury S.
and Zahrani M., 2014. Fuzzy synthetic evaluation of treated wastewater reuse for
agriculture. Environ Develop Sust
16: 521-538
37.
Chowdhury S.
and Al-Zahrani M, 2013. Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Saudi Arabia: An
Assessment Framework. J. Water Reuse and
Desalination 03(3): 297-314
38.
Chowdhury S.
and Zahrani M., 2013. Implications of climate change on water resources in Saudi
Arabia. Arab J. Sci. Eng.
38:1959–1971
39.
Chowdhury S.,
2013. Regional variability of disinfection byproducts in Canadian drinking
water.
Water International
38(1): 61-77
40.
Chowdhury S., 2013. Impact of source waters, disinfectants,
seasons and treatment approaches on trihalomethanes in drinking water: a
comparison based on the size of municipal systems.
Water Environment Journal (WEJ) 27: 197-206
41.
Chowdhury S.,
2013.
Trihalomethanes in drinking water: Effect of
natural organic matter distribution. Water SA 39(1): 1-7
42.
Chowdhury
S.
and Zahrani M., 2013. Modeling heterotrophic bacteria in plumbing system of
drinking water.
Water Environment Research 86(6): 504-512
43.
Chowdhury
S.,
2013.
Exposure assessment for trihalomethanes in municipal drinking water and risk
reduction strategy.
Science of the Total Environment 463-464: 922–930
44.
Chowdhury S.,
2013. Fusing probability density function into Dempster-Shafer theory of
evidence for the evaluation of water treatment plant.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
185: 3917-3929
45.
Chowdhury S.,
2012. Letter to editor: On risk assessment. Journal of Hazardous Materials
237–238: 384–385
46.
Chowdhury S.,
2012. Implications of using steady-state conditions in estimating dermal uptakes
for volatile compounds in municipal drinking water: An example of THMs.
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
18(5): 1051-1068
47.
Chowdhury S.,
2012. Heterotrophic bacteria in drinking water distribution system: A review.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
184(10): 6087-6137
48.
Chowdhury S.,
2012. Decision making with uncertainty: An example of water treatment approach
selection.
Water Quality Research J. of Canada (WQRJC) 47(2): 153-165
49.
Chowdhury S.,
Rodriguez M. and Sadiq R., 2011. Disinfection byproducts in the Canadian
Provinces: Associated cancer risks and medical expenses. Journal of Hazardous Materials
187: 574-584
50.
Chowdhury S.,
Rodriguez MJ. Sadiq R. and Serodes J., 2010. Modeling DBPs formation in drinking
water in residential plumbing pipes and hot water tanks.
Water Research
45(1): 337-347
51.
Chowdhury S.,
Rodriguez M. and Serodes J., 2010. Model development for predicting changes in
DBPs exposure concentrations during indoor handling of tap water.
Sci. of the Total Environment
408(20): 4733-4743
52.
Chowdhury S.,
Champagne P. and McLellan P.J., 2010. Investigating effects of bromide ions on
trihalomethanes and developing model for predicting bromodichloromethane in
drinking water.
Water Research
44(7): 2349-2359
53.
Chowdhury S.,
Champagne P. and McLellan P. J., 2010. Factorial analysis for trihalomethanes
formation in drinking water.
Water Environment Research
82(6): 556-566.
54.
Chowdhury S.
Champagne P. and McLellan P. J., 2009. Models for predicting disinfection
byproducts (DBPs) formation in drinking waters: A chronological review.
Science of the Total Environment
407(14): 4189-4206
55.
Chowdhury S.,
Champagne P. and McLellan P. J., 2009. Uncertainty characterization approaches
for risk assessment of DBPs in drinking water: A review. Journal of Environmental Management
90(5): 1680-1691
56.
Chowdhury S. and
Champagne P., 2009. Risk from exposure to trihalomethanes during shower:
Probabilistic assessment and control.
Science of the Total Environment 407(5): 1570-1578
57.
Chowdhury S.,
Champagne P. and McLellan P.J., 2008. Factors influencing formation of
Trihalomethanes in drinking water: Results from multivariate statistical
investigation of the Ontario Drinking Water Surveillance Program database.
Water Qual. Res. J. of Canada
43(2/3): 189–199
58.
Chowdhury S.
and Champagne P., 2008. An investigation on parameters for modeling THMs
formation.
Global NEST Journal
10(1): 80-91
59.
Chowdhury S.
and Champagne P., 2007. Selecting water disinfection processes using fuzzy
synthetic evaluation (FSE) technique.
Water Qual. Res. Journal of Canada
43(1): 1-10
60.
Chowdhury S.,
Champagne P. and Husain T., 2007.
Fuzzy risk-based
decision-making approach for selection of drinking water disinfectants.
J. Water Supply: Res. and
Technology 56(2): 75-93
61.
Chowdhury S.
and Husain T., 2006. Evaluation of drinking water treatment
technology – An entropy-based fuzzy application.
Environmental
Engineering, ASCE
132(10): 1264-1271
62.
Chowdhury S.,
Husain T. and Bose N., 2006. Fuzzy rule-based modeling for human health
risk from naturally occurring radioactive materials in produced water.
J. Environmental
Radioactivity 89(1):1-17
63.
Chowdhury, S.
and Husain T., 2006. Minimization of freshwater extraction by using treated
wastewater: A fuzzy-based approach.
Asian J. of Water, Env. and Pollution
3(1): 13-19
64.
Chowdhury S.
and Husain T., 2005. Human health risk from trihalomethanes (THMs)
in drinking water–evaluation with fuzzy aggregation.
Environmental Exposure and Health
85: 299 – 309
65.
Chowdhury S.,
Husain T., Veitch B., Bose N. and Sadiq R., 2004. Human health risk
assessment of naturally occurring radioactive materials in produced water-A case
study. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
10(6): 1155-1171
Refereed Conference Proceedings (Full papers were
reviewed prior to acceptance)
66.
Mazumder, MAJ, Al-Ahmed, A. Isloor, A.M., Ali,
SA. and Chowdhury, S.
Preparation, characterization and zeta potential studies of
polysulfone-blend-poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) membrane for heavy metal
removal from wastewater. 70th Annual Meeting of
the International Society of Electrochemistry,
Durban, South Africa, August 4-9, 2019
67.
Chowdhury S.,
2019. Disinfection Byproducts in Swimming Pool, Chemical Risk and Control
Strategy, The 8th International Conference on Swimming Pool and Spa
18-9-22 Mar, 2019, Marseille, France (Keynote
Speech)
68.
Chowdhury S.,
Omar KMO and Papadopoulou M.P. 2019. Meat and egg production in Saudi Arabia: An
analysis on virtual water content for livestock farming. The 8th International
Conference for Water Resources and Arid Environments (ICWRAE 8), Jan 22-24,
2019, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
69.
Chowdhury, S.,
2018. Formation of Disinfection Byproducts in Desalinated Drinking Water: An
Assessment and Control Strategy. In Proceedings of the 9th Int. Conf.
on Environmental Science and Technology, June 25-29, Houston, Texas, USA
70.
Chowdhury, S.,
2018. Assessment of Water Quality Degradation in the Drinking Water Sources
Based on 18 Years Data from 441 Water Supply Systems. In Proceedings of the 9th
Int. Conf. on Environmental Science and Technology, June 25-29, Houston, Texas,
USA
71.
Chowdhury, S.,
Fahmi M.I., 2017. Runoff collection potential in Abha, Saudi Arabia: An Analysis
with Watershed Modeling System software.
In proceedings
of The WSTA 12th Gulf Water Conference, Manama, Bahrain, Mar 28-30,
2017
72.
Chowdhury, I..,
Chowdhury, S. 2017.
Desalinated and Blended Water: An Analysis for Human Exposure and Risk.
In proceedings of The WSTA 12th Gulf Water
Conference, Manama, Bahrain, Mar 28-30, 2017
73.
Chowdhury, I..,
Chowdhury, S. 2017.
Desalinated and Blended Water in Saudi Arabia: Human Exposure and Risk Analysis
from Disinfection Byproducts. In: The
proceedings of the Int. Conference on Advances in sustainable Construction
Materials & Civil Engineering Systems (ASCMCES-17),
Sharjah, UAE, Apr. 18-20, 2017
74.
Al-Areeq A.,
Chowdhury S. and Al-Zahrani M., 2016.
Methodological variability in developing IDF curves: Implications on flood
protection and runoff storage, In proceedings
of the International Water Conference, March 13-16, 2016, Oman
75.
Chowdhury S.,
2015.
Human health risk of heavy metals through fish
and shellfish ingestion: A case study for the Arabian Gulf.
In proceedings of the 14th International
Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (CEST2015), 3-5 September
2015, Rhodes, Greece
76.
Chowdhury S.,
2015. Assessing Virtual Water Content of Cattle Farms: A Case Study for Camel
Production in Saudi Arabia. In proceedings
of the 14th International Conference on Environmental Science and
Technology (CEST2015), 3-5 September 2015, Rhodes, Greece
77.
Chowdhury S.,
2015. Disinfection byproducts in swimming pool: exposure and risk assessment.
In proceedings of the 6th
International Conference on Swimming Pool and Spa, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
17 – 20 March, 2015.
78.
Chowdhury S.
and Al-Zahrani M.,
2014. Water Resources Conservation in Agriculture: Sensitivity Analysis for
Climate Change and Growing Seasons. In
proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Water Resources
and Arid Environments (ICWRAE 6), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Dec 16-17, 2014.
79.
Chowdhury S.,
Al-Zahrani M. and Abbas A., 2014.
Analyzing the
Effects of Climate Change on Crop Water Requirements in Saudi Arabia.
In proceedings of The WSTA 11th Gulf Water
Conference, Oct 20-22, 2014
80.
Chowdhury S.
2013. Multivariate analysis of water quality parameters.
Proceedings of the International Conference on
Environmental Pollution and Remediation. July
15-17, 2013, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
81.
Chowdhury S.
2013. N-Nitrosodimethylamine in foods and drinks: A comparison for drinking
water. Proceedings of the International
Conference on Environmental Pollution and Remediation.
July 15-17, 2013, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
82.
Chowdhury S.
2012. Evaluating water treatment plant through fusing PDF into Dempster-Shafer
theory of Evidence. The 6th
International Conference on
Environmental Science and
Technology, June
25-29, 2012, Houston, TX
83.
Chowdhury S.
and Zahrani M., 2012. Water resources and water consumption pattern in Saudi
Arabia. In: The Proceedings of the 10th
Gulf Water Conference: pp: 67-81 (Held in Doha, Qatar on 22-24 April, 2012)
84.
Chowdhury S.,
Rodriguez M., Sadiq R. and Mazumder A., 2010. Comparing THMs according to size
of the systems, source water, disinfectants, seasons and treatment approaches.
In: Proceeding of the 14 Canadian National
Conference and 5th Policy Forum on Drinking Water,
Oct 30 – Nov 02, 2010, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
85.
Husain T and
Chowdhury S., 2009. Assessment of Climate Change Scenarios for Saudi Arabia
using Data from Global Climate Models. In:
Proceedings of
the 2nd Climate Change Technology Conference (CCTC),
May 12-15, 2009, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
86.
Husain T and
Chowdhury S., 2008.
Sustainable water resources planning using fuzzy
multistage decision making approach. In:
Proceedings of
Environmental Management and Technologies
towards Sustainable Development, Penang, Malaysia. Dec. 15-17, 2008
87.
Chowdhury S.,
Champagne P. and McLellan J., 2008. Trihalomethanes formation in drinking water.
Investigation through statistically designed approach. In:
Proceedings of Water Environment Federation’s Annual Conference (WEFTEC),
Chicago, Illinois, Oct. 18-22, 2008
88.
Chowdhury S. and Champagne P., 2006.
Multi criteria decision making in fuzzy environment. In:
Proceedings of The Canadian Society for Civil
Engineering (CSCE)
Annual Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, May 23-26, 2006
89.
Chowdhury S., Champagne P. and Sarkar A., 2006.
Use of treated wastewater: evaluation with fuzzy-based technique. In:
Proceedings of the Conference on
Advanced Technology
in the Environmental Field (ATEF),
Spain, Feb. 6-8, 2006
90.
Chowdhury S., Husain T. and Bose N., 2006.
Aggregative environmental risk of produced water from offshore oil & gas
platform - fuzzy based approach. In:
Proc. of the 36th CIE Conference on
Computers & Industrial Engineering, Taipei,
Taiwan. Jun. 20-23, 2006
91.
Chowdhury S.
Husain T., 2005. Drinking Water Treatment Technology Evaluation. In:
Proceedings of the Int. Conference on
Environmental Management (ICEM), Hyderabad, India, Oct. 28-30, 2005
Non-Refereed Conference Proceedings (Abstracts were
reviewed prior to acceptance)
92.
Chowdhury S.,
2015. The role of Wastewater Reuse in Water Resources Augmentation. The 11th
Saudi International Water, Electricity and Power Generation Forum (WEPOWER)
Conference, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Apr. 14-15, 2015.
93.
Mofarrah A., Shanaa J.,
Chowdhury S., Husain T., Veitch V., Hawboldt
K., Bose N. and Lee K., 2010. Risk management and real-time monitoring in
offshore oil and gas exploration and development.
The 2nd Saudi Meeting on Oil and Natural
Gas Exploration and Production Technologies, Dec 18-20, 2010, King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals,
Dhahran, KSA.
94.
Chowdhury S.,
Champagne P. and McLellan P.J., 2008. Multivariate statistical investigation:
Factors for disinfection byproducts formation in drinking water. In:
Proceedings of the 43rd Central Canadian
Symposium on Water Quality Research, Burlington, Ontario, Feb. 11-12, 2008
95.
Chowdhury S. and Champagne P., 2006.
Alternative use of wastewater: Feasibility study in
contexts to an arid region. Presented at:
Environmental Science and Environmental Engineering Student Conference,
February 3-5, 2006, Gananoque, Ontario
96.
Chowdhury S., Husain T. and Bose N, 2005.
Fuzzy modeling for human health risk from naturally occurring radioactive
materials in produced water.
In: Proceedings of
the International Conference on Energy, Environment and Disasters
(INCEED),
Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, June 24-30, 2005
97.
Chowdhury S.,
Husain T., Veitch B., Bose N. and Sadiq R., 2004.
Decision support software for produced water
discharges in offshore operations. In:
Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on
Marine Pollution and Ecotoxicology, Hong
Kong, June 1- 5, 2004
(III). BOOKS
98.
Chowdhury S.,
2009. Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Risk-Based
Decision-Making for the Selection of Water Treatment and Disinfection
Approaches. VDM Verlag Publishers, Germany, ISBN: 978-3-639-14340-9, 239 p.
(IV). BOOK CHAPTERS
99.
Chowdhury S.,
2017. Selection of Municipal Drinking Water Treatment Approach using
Multiple Criteria.
Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies 4:115–124
100.
Chowdhury S.
and Manuel R.,
2011.
Understanding exposure of contaminants for risk analysis. In: Daniel J.A.
(Eds.),
Advances in Environmental Research, Vol. 7, Chapter 13, Nova Science Publishers, New York, USA, P. 413-428
(V). MAGAZINE
101.
Chowdhury S.
2015.
Showering with disinfection byproducts in swimming pools?
Arab Water World
XXXVIII (6): 30-32. Available at:
http://www.awwmag.com/PDFFiles/AWW-June-2015.pdf