Scenario planning for water
resources: a Saudi Arabian case study
De Jong, R.L.
, Yazicigil, H., Al-Layla, R.I. 
King Fahd
University of Petroleum & Minerals
________________________________________________________
Abstract
Uncommonly rapid development of the
oil-rich Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia has led to heavy stresses on the
local groundwater resources and there has arisen concern for the adequacy of
supply to sustain future growth. Whereas oil is the only significant export
commodity, the demand for it has an important and immediate impact on water
exploitation activities. In this article four development scenarios are
considered, each resulting in a specific water abstraction pattern. The
hydrologic consequences of each scenario are evaluated by means of a digital
hydraulic groundwater model. -Authors
Origin of the saline ground water
in Wadi Ar-Rumah, Saudi Arabia
Sowayan,
A.M., Allayla,
R.
Second Author: Civil Engineering
Dept., King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
__________________________________________________
Abstract
The aquifer contains highly saline
water in the area where Wadi Ar-Rumah intersects the outcrop of the Saq
Sandstone. The area is agriculturally important, but the saline water has
caused problems due to intrusion into other parts of the aquifer as a result of
heavy pumping. The geology, hydrogeology, and hydrochemistry of the area were
examined and pertinent field data were used to explain the formation of the
saline water. At the end of the last pluvial period, the ephemeral runoff in
the wadi decreased and a clay layer was deposited on its floor. Ground water
near the surface was evaporated by capillary draw and led to a concentration of
solutes. A shallow clay layer prevented wadi flows from flushing out the saline
ground water. -from Authors
Numerical modeling of a
multi-aquifer system in eastern Saudi
Arabia
Rasheeduddin,
M1.,
Yazicigil,
H2.,
Al-Layla,
R.I2.
1) Arriyadh Development Authority, PO Box NO.
495, Riyadh 11411,
Saudi Arabia, 2) Civil Engineering University
of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran
31261, Saudi
Arabia
__________________________________________________
Abstract
A numerical quasi-three-dimensional
groundwater flow model was constructed for a multi-aquifer system in eastern Saudi Arabia
to determine the hydraulic properties of the system and to evaluate the
consequences of various development alternatives. The aquifers modeled were the
Alat, the Khobar and the Umm Er Radhuma of Paleocene-Eocene age, which are
hydraulically connected with intervening aquitards. Steady-state and transient
model calibrations demonstrated considerable spatial variations in
transmissivities of the aquifers and vertical leakances of the aquitards. The
reliabilities of these parameters were checked through sensitivity analysis.
The model results have confirmed the hydraulic interaction between the aquifers
via intervening aquitards. The calibrated model was subsequently utilized to
predict responses of the aquifers over a planning horizon of 14 years
(1987-2000) under three development alternatives. -from Authors
Alternative water management
scenarios for Saudi Arabia
De
Jong, R.L.,
Al
Layla, R.I.,
Selen,
W.J.
Civil Engineering
University of Petroleum &
Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
__________________________________________________
Abstract
The socioeconomic future of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will to a large extent
depend on the successful matching of its extremely limited water resources with
demands for water primarily determined by population growth. Reviews and
roughly quantifies the demand and supply parameters and then proceeds to
analyze four scenarios for water resources management according to four
different strategies. The multiobjective approach uses the goal programming
algorithm, and the most significant output parameters appear to be the notional
'water sector cost' and the rate at which non-renewable groundwater will be
mined and exhausted, thereby endangering the Kingdom's water security. -Authors
Hydrosoft Journal
Dec. 1990
A Variational approach to
Navier-Stokes equations.
Khondaker,
A.N.,
Mohsen,
M.F.N.,
Al-Layla,
R.I.
Civil Engineering
University of Petroleum &
Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
________________________________________________________
Abstract
A finite element formulation is
presented using an appropriate variational form preserving the non-linearity of
the Navier-Stokes equations. This variational function, previously used by
Guymon and Scott, in connection with the diffusion convection equation, is also
found to be viable for these non-linear equations. A solution algorithm was
developed using the 'vorticity' and 'stream function' formulation of the
Navier-Stokes equations. The dependent variables were approximated over each
triangular element using linear interpolation polynomials. The application of
the developed code to some numerical examples produced results comparable to
existing methods and displayed the efficiency of the method. The method was
found to be limited to low Reynolds numbers.
Groundwater contamination studies
- the state-of-the-art
Khondaker, A.N.,
Al-Layla, R.I.,
Husain, T.
King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
__________________________________________________
Abstract
With the increasing sense of awareness about our
environment and the recognition of the need for its protection, the study of
solute transport related to groundwater contamination has become the focus of
numerous researchers. Different investigators approached the problem from many
view points, and the resulting achievements are so extensive and scattered that
it seems essential to inventory the completed works. This paper presents a
systematic study of the available theoretical and experimental works. A
complete picture of the present status of the problem is also provided, issues
that remain obscure or unaddressed by the current day investigators are pointed
out to facilitate future research directions and/or alternatives to advance
technology for a greater understanding and more comprehensive analyses of the
solute transport phenomena related to groundwater contamination.
Critical Review in Environmental
Control
1990, Vol.20,
No. 4 Page 231-256
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Groundwater Contamination Studies - The State-of-the-Art
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A. N. Khondaker1,
R. I. AI-Layla2, and T. Husain3
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1)
PhD Candidate
and Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, 2) Associate Professor, , King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 3)
Research Engineer, Water Resources and Environment Division, The
Research Institute, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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ABSTRACT
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With
the increasing sense of awareness about our environment and the recognition
of the need for its protection, the study of solute transport related to
groundwater contamination has become the focus of numerous researchers.
Different investigators approached the problem from many view points, and the
resulting achievements are so extensive and scattered that it seems essential
to inventory the completed works. This paper presents a systematic study of
the available theoretical and experimental works. A complete picture of the
present status of the problem is also provided, issues that remain obscure or
unaddressed by the current day investigators are pointed out to facilitate
future research directions and/or alternatives to advance technology for a
greater understanding and more comprehensive analyses of the solute transport
phenomena related to groundwater contamination.
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Experimental study and numerical
simulation of denitrification in saturated porous media
allayla, R.I.,
Mohammed,
N.,
Husain,
T.
Department of Civil Engineering,
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
__________________________________________________
Abstract
The effect of Denitrification on the
behavior of nitrate in saturated sandy soil was studied in the laboratory and
the results were compared with the temporal and spatial concentration of
nitrate in nonreactive (without Denitrification) and reactive (with
Denitrification) cases. A laboratory model was fabricated to study steady
one-dimensional flow and to transport nitrate with or without Denitrification.
Denitrification at various rates has been simulated with varied C:N ratios and
detention time. Retardation constant, dispersivity, and degradation constants
have been computed using existing analytical models supporting adsorption and
zero and/or first order production or decay. It was found that such analytical
models can be used to fit the concentration of nitrate in saturated porous
media for a C:N ratio between 2 and 5.
The effect of Denitrification on the
behavior of nitrate in saturated sandy soil was studied in the laboratory and
the results were compared with the temporal and spatial concentration of
nitrate is nonreactive (without Denitrification) and reactive (with
Denitrification) cases. A laboratory model was fabricated to study steady
one-dimensional flow and to transport nitrate with or without Denitrification.
Denitrification at various rates has been simulated with varied C:N ratios and
detention time. Retardation constant, dispersivity, and degradation constants
have been computed using existing analytical models supporting adsorption and
zero and/or first order production or decay. It was found that such analytical
models can be used to fit the concentration of nitrate in saturated porous
media for a C:N ratio between 2 and 5.
Tertiary treatment of sewage
effluent via pilot scale slow sand filtration
Farooq,
S.,
Al-Yousef,
A.K.,
Al-Layla,
R.I.,
Ishaq,
A.M.
Department of Civil Engineering,
King Fahd Univ of Petroleum Minerals, Dhahran
31261, Saudi
Arabia
__________________________________________________
Abstract
In view of limited information
available about the performance of actual size slow sand filtration as a
tertiary process in sewage treatment a pilot scale study was conducted over a
period of one year using the secondary treated effluent from North Aramco
Wastewater Treatment Plant, Dhahran, at a flow rate of 0.16 m hr-1
(2L min-1) to determine the process efficiency. Two sizes of local
sand, i.e., effective size (ES) = 0.31, uniformity coefficient (UC) = 2.00; and
ES = 0.56, UC = 1.64, were evaluated in terms of removal of major pollution
parameters such as organic matter, micro-organisms and nutrients. Effective
range of the filter depth was also investigated by conducting the experiments
at three different depths of the sand bed, i.e., 135, 105, and 55 cm for each
size of the sand. It was found that removals of BOD, COD, standard plate
counts, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate vary from 79-92%, 40-60%, 88-93%,
17-30%, 8.3-84%, and 5-10%, respectively, at various sand depths for two
different sizes of the sand.
Journal of Environmental Science & Health.
State-of-the-art review of
bioremediation studies
Mohammed,
N.a ,
Allayla,
R.I.a ,
Nakhla,
G.F.a ,
Farooq,
S.a ,
Husain,
T.b
a Department of Civil Engineering, King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
b Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
_________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
The state of the art bioremediation has
been rapidly expanding during the last decade. Numerous articles are being
published in a remarkable number of journals. Biodegradability of all possible
organic pollutants is being tested in field and lab. New technologies are being
discovered to biodegrade even the most recalcitrant organic chemicals. Many new
books on bioremediation studies are also being written and edited. Information
is scattered in books, journals, conferences and many other sources. The
objective of this paper is to summarize the available existing literature on
bioremediation studies. Issues covered are bioremediation in context with other
remediation technologies, biodegradability of different organic compounds under
different condition as reported in lab and fields studies, factors affecting
bioremediation, and review of existing literature on modeling and case studies.
Copyright © 1996 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Estimating flood quantiles in
southwestern part of Saudi
Arabia
Ishaq,
A.M.a ,
Saada,
N.M.a d ,
Allayla, R.I.a
,
Sheikh,
A.K.b ,Hussain,
T.c
a Department of Civil Engineering
b Department of Mechanical Engineering
c Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
d Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
__________________________________________________
Abstract
Estimating flood quantiles is an
important requirement in the proper management of water resources in any
country. In this study, regional regression analysis is performed for the purposes
of estimating flood quantiles in some of the watersheds located in the western
and southwestern parts of Saudi
Arabia. The Generalized Least Square approach as
opposed to the widely-used Ordinary
Least Square approach is used in the regression
analysis. The dependent variables of the regression analysis are the quantiles
predicted by the Log Pearson Type III model and the independent variables are
the physiographic variables such as area, main channel length, main channel
slope, and watershed average slope. In contrast to the usual watershed
physiographic variables, the watershed response time measured as time-to-peak
of the flood stage curve and watershed order number are also used to predict
the flood quantiles. Results show that the watershed response time measured as
the watershed time-to-peak and the watershed order number are significant
parameters in predicting flood quantiles in Saudi Arabia.
Tidal effects on transport of
contaminants in a coastal shallow aquifer
Khondaker,
A.N.a ,
Al-Suwaiyan,
M.S.a b ,
Mohammed,
N.a ,
Allayla, R.I.a
a King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia
b KFUPM Box 1979, King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
__________________________________________________
Abstract
The effects of tidal fluctuations on
the spreading behavior of pollutants in an industrial site located near the Arabian Gulf was examined. Monitoring wells installed to
observe the flow dynamics indicated that tides have an influence on the water
level. A finite element model was used to simulate both groundwater flow and
contaminant transport in the subsurface environment. The transport process
modeling includes advection and dispersion. After calibration with field data,
the model was applied to investigate the problem of groundwater contamination
in the study area. The study of the tidal effects on the flow dynamics
confirmed that the water table behavior is significantly influenced by the
tidal fluctuation along the coastal boundaries. The model predicted a decrease
in concentration of solute (as TDS) with time under the tidal influence
indicating a loss of solute mass from the study area.
Tertiary treatment of sewage
effluent via pilot scale slow sand filtration
Farooq,
S.,
Al-Yousef,
A.K.,
Al-Layla,
R.I.,
Ishaq,
A.M.
Department of Civil Engineering,
King Fahd Univ of Petroleum Minerals, Dhahran
31261, Saudi
Arabia
__________________________________________________
Abstract
In view of limited information
available about the performance of actual size slow sand filtration as a
tertiary process in sewage treatment a pilot scale study was conducted over a
period of one year using the secondary treated effluent from North Aramco
Wastewater Treatment Plant, Dhahran, at a flow rate of 0.16 m hr-1
(2L min-1) to determine the process efficiency. Two sizes of local
sand, i.e., effective size (ES) = 0.31, uniformity coefficient (UC) = 2.00; and
ES = 0.56, UC = 1.64, were evaluated in terms of removal of major pollution
parameters such as organic matter, micro-organisms and nutrients. Effective
range of the filter depth was also investigated by conducting the experiments
at three different depths of the sand bed, i.e., 135, 105, and 55 cm for each
size of the sand. It was found that removals of BOD, COD, standard plate
counts, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate vary from 79-92%, 40-60%, 88-93%,
17-30%, 8.3-84%, and 5-10%, respectively, at various sand depths for two
different sizes of the sand.
Modeling transport and
biodegradation of BTX compounds in saturated sandy soil
Mohammed,
N.,
Allayla,
R.I.
Research Institute, King Fahd
Univ. Petrol. and Minerals, Dhahran
31261, Saudi
Arabia
__________________________________________________
Abstract
Numerical models have been developed
using finite difference and orthogonal collocation methods to simulate one
dimensional transport with time-dependent pore water velocity. The modeling
process includes sorption given by linear isotherm and biodegradation given by
a variety of kinetics such as first-order, zero-order, Monod, non-growth
associated Monod (Michaelis-Menten), Haldane and many other inhibitory and
non-inhibitory kinetics. A number of initial and boundary conditions such as
Dirichlet's, Neuman's, mixed, decaying, etc. have been modeled. The method of
finite difference (for first order/zero order model only) and the method of
orthogonal collocation (for all kinetics models) have been used to solve the
governing transport equation. Numerical solutions have been verified with
existing analytical solutions for special cases. Three models (first-order
and/or zero-order, non growth associated Michaelis Menten, and Monod) have been
inverted using a Gauss-Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm to assess the transport
parameters. The models have been used to simulate one dimensional transport of
BTX compounds in a pilot scale sand tank model. The data have been found to fit
to all three kinetic models with acceptable coefficient of determination (R2)
and parameter values. The high concentration data have been found to fit better
to the Michaelis Menten and the Monod models than the first order/zero order
model.
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Effect of Groundwater Velocity on
Pilot Scale Bioremediation of Gasoline Contaminated Sandy Aquifers
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Effect of
Groundwater Velocity on Pilot Scale Bioremediation of Gasoline Contaminated
Sandy Aquifers
Niaz Mohammed1 
and Rashid I. Allayla1
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(1)
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Center for
Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
The effect of groundwater velocity
onbioremediation of gasoline contaminated sandy soil has been investigated
using a pilot scale sand tank model. The effect of hydrogen peroxide and
contaminant concentration are also included. A factorial experiment has been
conducted to study three factors, groundwater velocity, inlet BTX
concentration and hydrogen peroxide dose. Observed concentration data
collected from the sand tank model have been used for estimating the
transport parameters. Three differentbiodegrdation kinetics, namely
first-order/zero-order, Monod and Michaelis Menten (a modification of
Monodkinetics considering no microbial growth) kinetics have been used to
model the biodegradation. The data have been found to fit all three models with
acceptable coefficient of regression. Groundwater velocity has been found to
be the most significant factor governing the biodegradation rate
constants(determined from the first-order rate constant) of BTX compounds.
Hydrogen peroxide dose and BTX concentration have also been found to be
significant factors.
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Viscous flow over a sphere with
fluctuations in the free-stream velocity
Alassar, R.S., Badr, H.M.,
Allayla, R.
King Fahd Univ. Petrol. and
Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
The problem of viscous flow over a
sphere with fluctuations in the free-stream velocity is considered. The
governing conservation equations are expressed terms of the stream function and
vorticity and solved using the series truncation method where the stream
function and vorticity are approximated using finite series of Legendre and
first associated Legendre functions. The effects of the Reynolds number,
Strouhal number, and the amplitude of the fluctuations on the flow
characteristics are studied. Results are presented for periodic variation of
the drag coefficient, surface vorticity and pressure distributions for Reynolds
numbers ranging from 5 to 100, Strouhal numbers ranging from π/4 to
π, and amplitude of fluctuations from 0.0 to 0.5. The time variation of
the velocity field during one complete cycle is presented in the form of
streamline and equi-vorticity patterns. The periodic variation of the angle of
separation as well as the length of the separation region are also presented.
Simulation of in-situ
bioremediation of phenol contaminated sandy aquifers: 1. Effect of sand sizes
Essa, M.H., Farooq, S.,
Nakhla, G.F.
King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Civil Engineering Department, Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Laboratory scale porous media biofilm
reactors were used to evaluate the effect of biofilm thickness on media
porosity and permeability. Media tested consisted of three different sizes of
sand (0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 mm). A set of fifteen columns was used in this
experiment, five columns for each size of sand. Columns were operated under
constant piezometric head (2.5 m) conditions, resulting in a decreasing flow
rate with biofilm development. During the experiment, variations in the
piezometric head, substrate concentration, and growth in biomass as well as
volatile solids were monitored in space and time. Phenol (15 mg/L) was used as
a growth substrate. The reductions in hydraulic conductivity were found to be
97% for the coarse sand (0.4 mm), 96% for the medium size sand (0.3 mm), and
93.7% for the fine sand (0.2 mm). The respective removal of phenol in these
columns was 96% for the coarser sand, 97.9% for the medium size sand, and 98.8%
for the finer sand. Steady-state effluent phenol concentrations occurred
simultaneously with uniform hydraulic conductivity reduction after 50 days of
operation. The concentration of volatile solids near the column inlets and
outlets, after 58 days of operation, ranged between 9.8 and 4.04 mg/g for the
coarse sand, 11.2 and 6.2 mg/g for the medium size sand, and 11.8 and 6.2 mg/g
of sand for the fine sand, respectively. The number of colonies near the column
inlets and outlets was 2800 × 1010/mL and 1480 × 1010/mL
for the coarse sand, and 2840 × 1010/mL and 1520 × 1010/mL
for the medium sand, and 2890 × 1010/mL and 2120 × 1010/mL
for the fine sand. © 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
State-of-the-art review of
bioremediation studies
Mohammed, N.a ,
Allayla, R.I.a ,
Nakhla, G.F.a ,
Farooq, S.a ,
Husain, T.b
a Department of Civil Engineering, King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
b Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
The state of the art bioremediation has
been rapidly expanding during the last decade. Numerous articles are being
published in a remarkable number of journals. Biodegradability of all possible
organic pollutants is being tested in field and lab. New technologies are being
discovered to biodegrade even the most recalcitrant organic chemicals. Many new
books on bioremediation studies are also being written and edited. Information
is scattered in books, journals, conferences and many other sources. The objective
of this paper is to summarize the available existing literature on
bioremediation studies. Issues covered are bioremediation in context with other
remediation technologies, biodegradability of different organic compounds under
different condition as reported in lab and fields studies, factors affecting
bioremediation, and review of existing literature on modeling and case studies.
Copyright © 1996 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
