| Item | Author | 
  
    | 
      Brief 
      description of the historical view on through wall propagation, including 
      a literature survey and a discussion of how promising the future of 
      through wall imaging might be. | Ali | 
  
    | 
      Introduction to 
      Attenuation and Dispersion (Def)Electric 
      properties of various walls are discussed.  In particular, attention 
      is focused on complex propagation constant, attenuation coefficient, phase 
      constant, permittivity and permeability of wall materials, dielectric 
      polarization loss, conductivity loss, loss tangent, etc. The 
      effects of temperature and humidity on electric properties of wall 
      materials are also addressed.Various 
      types of walls, including homogeneous, inhomogeneous, and 
      multi-layered walls, are examined. | Sunaidi | 
  
    | 
      
      
      Material 
      parameters reported in the literature, propagation through common 
      construction walls, such as glass, wood, plasterboard, etc., at different 
      frequencies is discussed. Measured and simulated results are 
      compared and the range of applicability of propagation models is 
      addressed. 
      
      The 
      influence of antenna radiation characteristics on through wall 
      propagation is studied. In particular, the effects of antenna polarization 
      and gain, and the incident angle on received signals are investigated. | Jazi | 
  
    | 
      
      Measurement techniques for extracting electric properties of wall 
      materials are described and available results in the literature are 
      presented. 
      Modeling of walls in the time and frequency domains, using transfer 
      function and impulse response methods, is discussed. Existing 
      parametric models for through wall propagation are reviewed. 
      Deterministic (EM) models as well as statistical models are 
      examined.  | Ali | 
  
    | 
      
      
         To 
      conclude the chapter, we propose some means to overcome the existing 
      challenges and some of the new technologies such as ultra wideband (UWB) 
      communications and how they can improve through wall imaging. | Jazi |